Biometrics is the technical term for body measurements and calculations. It refers to metrics related to human characteristics. Biometrics authentication (or realistic authentication) is used in computer science as a form of identification and access control. It is also used to identify individuals in groups that are under surveillance. Biometric identifiers are then distinctive, measurable characteristics used to label and describe individuals Biometric identifiers are often categorized as physiological versus behavioral characteristics. Physiological characteristics are related to the shape of the body. Examples include, but are not limited to fingerprint, palm veins, face recognition, DNA, palm print, hand geometry, iris recognition, retina and odour/scent. Behavioral characteristics are related to the pattern of behavior of a person, including but not limited to typing rhythm, gait, and voice. Some researchers have coined the term behaviometrics to describe the latter class of biometrics. More traditional means of access control include token-based identification systems, such as a driver's license or passport, and knowledge-based identification systems, such as a password or personal identification number. Since biometric identifiers are unique to individuals, they are more reliable in verifying identity than token and knowledge-based methods; however, the collection of biometric identifiers raises privacy concerns about the ultimate use of this information. This book is about the latest in technology that is used to confirm personal identity and/or control personnel access. This book is designed to be a state of the art, superb academic reference work and provide an overview of the topic and give the reader a structured knowledge to familiarize yourself with the topic at the most affordable price possible. The accuracy and knowledge is of an international viewpoint as the edited articles represent the inputs of many knowledgeable individuals and some of the most current knowledge on the topic, based on the date of publication.


The editor has degrees in Engineering Physics, Nuclear Engineering & Biomedical Engineering from the University of Michigan and is an Engineer, Senior Scientist & Former Intelligence Officer for the CIA & US Intelligence Community and was President & Founder of an award-winning Defense Contracting Company. He has authored several books, edited many other books and has written numerous Technical, Classified & Unclassified papers, Articles & Essays and has appeared in Marquis ＂Who’s Who in the World＂ & ＂Who’s Who in Science & Engineering＂ and continues to edit and write.